SIMPLE ENGLISH GRAMMAR

3 / 4 Of English

This manual provides an overview of common English sentence structures. The manual differs from traditional books on English grammar by providing formal descriptions that will enable a student of English to generate correctly formed sentences easily. Persons studying English as a second language (ESL) or those who would like to use English language interfaces in computer-based applications will find this approach particularly useful because it avoids the ambiguities encountered in traditional English grammars. The description uses the notation below.

3 Three Basics and 4 four skills

3 Three Basics :                         4 Four Skills :

1. Part Of speech ( Jenis –Jenis Kata )                        1. Listening (Mendengarkan)
2. Tenses ( Bentuk waktu )                                          2. Speaking (Berbicara)
3. Sentences ( kalimat-kalimat )                                  3. Writing (Menulis)
                                                                                     4. Reading (Membaca)

1. Part Of Speech it’s consist of :

    a. Pronoun ( Kata ganti )                                   f. Adverb ( kata keterangan )
    b. Noun ( Kata Benda )                                     g. Conjunction ( kata penghubung )
    c. Verb ( Kata kerja )                                         h. Preposition ( kata depan )
    d. Adjective ( kata sifat )                                   i. Interjection ( kata seru )
    e. An Article ( kata sandang )

2. Tenses it’s consist of :

    a. Simple Present tense                                     i. Simple Future Tense
    b. present continuous tense                               j. Future Continuous Tense
    c. present perfect tense                                     k. Future Perfect tense
    d. present perfect continuous                            l. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
    e. Simple past tense                                          m. Past Future tense
    f. past continuous tense                                    n. Past Future Continuous tense
    g. past perfect tense                                          o. Past Future Perfect Tense
    h. past perfect continuous tense                       p. Past Future Perfect Continuous

3. Sentences, It’s consist of :

 

* Types of Sentences by Structure

• Simple Sentence

• Compound Sentence

• Complex Sentence 

• Complex-Compound Sentence 

Those four categories apply to normal, grammatical sentences. However, some of our most common expressions are sentences that don’t follow the rules — see Major and Minor Sentences.
Note: obsessive syntacticians (is there any other kind?) have also named more specific types of sentences, which I’ll address when I start learning about the finer points of writing style.

* Types of Sentences by Purpose

• Declarative Sentence

• Interrogative Sentence

• Exclamatory Sentence

• Imperative Sentence 

• Conditional Sentence  

FOUR SKILLS :

• LISTENING
• SPEAKING 
• READING
• WRITING

All About 16 tenses

16 TENSES

A.    Present Tense

Unit I        Simple Present Tense / Present Tense

Unit II       Present Continuous Tense

Unit III     Present Perfect Tense

Unit IV     Present Perfect Continuous Tense

B.     Past Tense

Unit V       Simple Past Tense / Past Tense

Unit VI     Past Continuous Tense

Unit VII    Past Perfect Tense

Unit VIII  Past Perfect Continuous Tense

C.     Future Tense

Unit IX     Future Tense / Present Future Tense

Unit X       Future Continuous Tense

Unit XI     Future Perfect Tense

Unit XII    Future Perfect Continuous Tense

D.    Past Future Tense

Unit XIII  Past Future Tense

Unit XIV  Past Future Continuous Tense

Unit XV    Past Future Perfect Tense

Unit XVI  Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Simple Present Tense

UNIT I

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE / PRESENT TENSE

( Bentuk Sekarang Kebiasaan / kenyataan )

A.    Penggunaan

1. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa atau perbuatan yang berlangsung setiap hari / berulang-ulang / kebiasaan sehari-hari (habitual action).
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang merupakan kebenaran umum (general truth).

B.     Keterangan waktu

Keterangan waktu yang menunjukkan tenses adalah :

1.      Adverb of frequency

-          always                                           -    sometimes

-          usually                                           -    occasionally

-          generally                                        -    seldom

-          habibually                                      -    rarely

-          normally                                        -    never

-          often                                              -    ever

-          frequency

2.      Every

-          every hour                                     -    every night

-          every day                                      -    every Sunday

-          every week                                    -    every Monday

-          every month                                  -    every Wednesday 

-          every year                                      -    every Saturday

-          every morning                               -    every January

-          every afternoon                             -    every December

-          every evening

3.      Once

-          once a day                                     -    once a month

-          once a week                                  -    once a year

4.      Twice

5.      three times

6.      four time

7.      at noon

8.      at night

9.      at midnight

10.  on Sunday, Monday

11.  in the morning

12.  in the afternoon

13.  in the evening

C.    Susunan kalimat

1.      Positive (+) : Subject + Verb I (s/es)

Subject	Verb I (KK I)	Object
I You	write buy	a story a shirt
We They He She It	clean play goes gives swims	the room tennis to school a present very fast

2.      Negative (-) : Subject + do/does + not + verb I

Subject	do/does	not	Verb I	Object
I You We They	do	not	write buy clean play	a story a shirt the room tennis
He She It	does		goes gives swims	to school a present very fast

3.      Interrogativ (?)

Do/does	Subject	Verb I	Object
Do	I You We They	write buy clean play	a story| a shirt? the room? tennis?
Does	He She It	goes gives swims	to school? a present? very fast?

Present Simple Tense

I sing

How do we make the Present Simple Tense?

subject	+	auxiliary verb	+	main verb
		do		base

There are three important exceptions:

1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.

Look at these examples with the main verb like:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I, you, we, they			like	coffee.
	He, she, it			likes	coffee.
-	I, you, we, they	do	not	like	coffee.
	He, she, it	does	not	like	coffee.
?	Do	I, you, we, they		like	coffee?
	Does	he, she, it		like	coffee?

Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

	subject	main verb
+	I	am		French.
	You, we, they	are		French.
	He, she, it	is		French.
-	I	am	not	old.
	You, we, they	are	not	old.
	He, she, it	is	not	old.
?	Am	I		late?
	Are	you, we, they		late?
	Is	he, she, it		late?

How do we use the Present Simple Tense?

We use the present simple tense when:

• the action is general
• the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
• the action is not only happening now
• the statement is always true

John drives a taxi.
past	present	future
It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.

Look at these examples:

• I live in New York.
• The Moon goes round the Earth.
• John drives a taxi.
• He does not drive a bus.
• We meet every Thursday.
• We do not work at night.
• Do you play football?

Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the present simple tense for situations that are not general. We can use the present simple tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the present simple tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:

Am I right? Tara is not at home. You are happy.
past	present	future
The situation is now.

 

I am not fat. Why are you so beautiful? Ram is tall.
past	present	future
The situation is general. Past, present and future.

 

This page shows the use of the present simple tense to talk about general events. But note that there are some other uses for the present simple tense, for example in conditional or if sentences, or to talk about the future. You will learn about those later.

The simple present tense is used to discuss permanant situations and the frequency of events.

To have	Short form	Other Verbs (to work)
I have	I've	I work
he has	he's	He works
she has	she's	She works
it has	it's	It works
you have	you've	you work
we have	we've	we work
they have	they've	they work

Statements +	Statements -	Questions	Short answer +	Short answer -
I work.	I don't work.	Do I work?	Yes, I do.	No, I don't.
He works.	He doesn't work.	Does he work?	Yes, he does.	No, he doesn't.
She works.	She doesn't work.	Does she work?	Yes, she does.	No, she doesn't.
It works.	It doesn't work.	Does it work?	Yes, it does.	No, it doesn't.
You work.	You don't work.	Do you work?	Yes you do.	No, you don't.
We work.	We don't work.	Do we work?	Yes we do.	No, we don't.
They work.	They don't work.	Do they work?	Yes they do.	No, they don't.

Regular or permanent situations

When something happens regularly or is a permanent situation we usually use the simple present tense. When using the simple present the verb (with the exception of the auxiliary verbs) remains in the dictionary form (verb + s with he/she/it).

Simple Present Timeline

For example:
Q) "Where do you live?" A) "I live in Germany."
Q) "Where does he live?" A) "He lives in Germany."
Q) "What do you do?" A) "I'm a teacher."
Q) "What does he do?" A) "He's a teacher."

Frequency

The simple present tense is also used to show how often something happens with adverbs of frequency - always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, never, etc.... And when discussing daily, weekly, monthly etc. routines.
For example:
"I always get up at 6.00."
"I never drink coffee before 12.00."
"I work on my website every day."
"Every Monday and Thursday I go to the gym."
We also use the simple present to ask for and give instructions or to discuss a series of actions.
For example:
Q) How do I make pancakes?" A) Well, first you take 4 eggs and crack them into a bowl, then you weigh out 4 oz. of flour and sieve it into the eggs. etc.
The simple present tense can also be used to discuss future events.

UNIT II

PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

(Bentuk sekarang sedang berlangsung)

A.    Penggunaan

1. Untuk menyatakan peristiwa suatu perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung atau sedang dikerjakan sekarang atau pada saat kita sedang bicara (at the time of speaking).
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang bersifat sementara

B.     Keterangan waktu

Keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan :

-          now                                         -     look

-          at present                                 -     today

-          at this moment                                    -     this (holiday, weekend, year, …)

-          still

C.    Susunan kalimat

1. Positive (+) Subject + be I + Verb-ing

Subject	be 1	Verb I + ing	Object
I	am	writing	a story
You We They	are	buying cleaning playing	a shirt the room tennis
He She It	is	going giving swimming	to school a present very fast

2. Negative (-)

(-) Subject + be 1 + not + V ing

Subject	be 1	not	Verb I + ing	Object
I	am	not	writing	a story
You We They	are		buying cleaning playing	a shirt the room tennis
He She It	is		going giving swimming	to school a present very fast

3. Interrogative (?)

(?) Be 1 + Subject + Verb-ing

Be 1	Subject	Verb I + ing	Object
Am	I	writing	a story
Are	You We They	buying cleaning playing	a shirt the room tennis
Is	He She It	going giving swimming	to school a present very fast

Present Continuous Tense

I am singing

We often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple present tense, both in structure and in use.
In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the present continuous tense, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:

• Structure: how do we make the present continuous tense?
  
  
• Use: when and why do we use the present continuous tense?
  
  
• Spelling: how do we spell verbs with -ing for the present continuous tense?
  
  

Continuous tenses are also called progressive tenses. So the present progressive tense is the same as the present continuous tense.

When we talk about events that are actually happening now, we use the present continuous tense. This is formed by using the stem of the verb and adding -ing to the end, for example the verb "work" becomes "working". In some cases you need to alter the spelling a bit for example the verb "die" becomes "dying".

Statements +	Statements -	Questions	Short answer +	Short answer -
I'm working.	I'm not working.	Am I working?	Yes, I am.	No, I'm not.
He's working.	He isn't working.	Is he working?	Yes, he is.	No, he isn't.
She's working.	She isn't working.	Is she working?	Yes, she is.	No, she isn't.
It's working.	It isn't working.	Is it working?	Yes, it is.	No, it isn't.
You're working.	You aren'tt working.	Are you working?	Yes you are.	No, you aren't.
We're working.	We aren't working.	Are we working?	Yes we are.	No, we aren't.
They're working.	They aren't working.	Are they working?	Yes they are.	No, they aren't.

Present Continuous Timeline

For example:
Q) "What are you doing?" A) "I'm building a website."
We also use the present continuous tense to talk about things that are happening around now but are temporary.
For example:
Q) "What are you doing these days?" A) "Unfortunately I'm working a lot."
It is also used to describe trends or situations that are happening but may be temporary.
For example:
"Nowadays more and more people are shopping on the Internet."
...and habitual actions (usually negative).
For example:
"He's always cleaning his car."
The present continuous tense can also be used to discuss future events:
Note:-
The present continuous is usually used with doing verbs (verbs of action) not with verbs of state. The following verbs are not used in the continuous form:-
Conditions: belong, cost, need, own, seem
Feelings: like, love, hate, want, wish
Beliefs: believe, feel, know, mean, remember, think, understand