UNIT VII

PAST PERFECT TENSE

(Bentuk lampau telah selesai)

A.    Penggunaan :

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang telah terjadi sebelum peristiwa lain terjadi di waktu lampau.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa pada saat dan berlangsung sampai saat yang lain pada waktu lampau.
3. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di saat lampau.
4. Untuk menyatakan alas an atau jawaban dari peristiwa yang terjadi di waktu lampau (Simple Past Tense)

B.     Keterangan waktu :

Keterangan waktu tense ini adalah :

-          after …

-          … before

-          … when

-          as soon as

-          by …

-          by the end of

-          by the time

-          by 1 o’clock yesterday

C.    Susunan kalimat :

1. Positive (+) : Subject + Had + V III

Subject	had	V III	Object
I	had	written	a story
You		bought	a shirt
We		cleaned	the room
They		played	tennis

He	had	gone	to school
She		given	a present
It		swum	very fast

2. Negative (-) + had + not + V III

Subject	be 2	not	Verb III	Object
I	had	not	written	a story
You We They			bought cleaned played	a shirt the room tennis
He She It			gone given swum	to school a present very fast

3. Interrogative (?)

Had + Subject + Verb III ?

Had	Subject	V III	Object
Had	I	written	a story?
	You	bought	a shirt?
	We	cleaned	the room?
	They	played	tennis?
	He	gone	to school?
	She	given	a present?
	It	swum	very fast?

Past Perfect Tense

I had sung

The past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use. This tense talks about the "past in the past".

How do we make the Past Perfect Tense?

The structure of the past perfect tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb HAVE	+	main verb
		conjugated in simple past tense		past participle
		had		V3

For negative sentences in the past perfect tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	had		finished	my work.
+	You	had		stopped	before me.
-	She	had	not	gone	to school.
-	We	had	not	left.
?	Had	you		arrived?
?	Had	they		eaten	dinner?

When speaking with the past perfect tense, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I had	I'd
you had	you'd
he had she had it had	he'd she'd it'd
we had	we'd
they had	they'd

 

The 'd contraction is also used for the auxiliary verb would. For example, we'd can mean:

• We had
  or
• We would

But usually the main verb is in a different form, for example:

• We had arrived (past participle)
• We would arrive (base)

It is always clear from the context.

How do we use the Past Perfect Tense?

The past perfect tense expresses action in the past before another action in the past. This is the past in the past. For example:

• The train left at 9am. We arrived at 9.15am. When we arrived, the train had left.

The train had left when we arrived.
past	present	future
Train leaves in past at 9am.
9 9.15
We arrive in past at 9.15am.

Look at some more examples:

• I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.
• They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.
• I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before.
• "Mary wasn't at home when I arrived."
  "Really? Where had she gone?"

You can sometimes think of the past perfect tense like the present perfect tense, but instead of the time being now the time is past.

past perfect tense				present perfect tense
had | done | > |					have | done | > |
past	now	future		past	now	future

For example, imagine that you arrive at the station at 9.15am. The stationmaster says to you:

• "You are too late. The train has left."

Later, you tell your friends:

• "We were too late. The train had left."

We often use the past perfect tense in reported speech after verbs like said, told, asked, thought, wondered:
Look at these examples:

• He told us that the train had left.
• I thought I had met her before, but I was wrong.
• He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain.
• I wondered if I had been there before.
• I asked them why they had not finished.

The past perfect simple tense is used to go further back in time when we are already talking about the past. It can make it clear that something had already happened at the time we are talking about.

Past Perfect Simple Timeline

We form the past perfect simple by using the auxilliary verb had and the -ed form of the regular verb (the past participle) irregular verb forms have to be learned:

Statements +	Statements -	Questions	Short answer +	Short answer -
I'd worked ...	I hadn't worked ...	Had I worked ...?	Yes, I had.	No, I hadn't.
He'd worked ...	He hadn't worked ...	Had he worked ...?	Yes, he had.	No, he hadn't.
She'd worked ...	She hadn't worked ...	Had she worked ...?	Yes, she had.	No, she hadn't.
It had worked ...	It hadn't worked ...	Had it worked ...?	Yes, it had.	No, it hadn't.
You'd worked ...	You hadn't worked ...	Had you worked ...?	Yes you had.	No, you hadn't.
We'd worked ...	We hadn't worked ...	Had we worked ...?	Yes we had.	No, we hadn't.
They'd worked ...	They hadn't worked ...	Had they worked ...?	Yes they had.	No, they hadn't.

For example:
"I had already done the shopping by the time she came home."
"I was late for work, by the time I arrived the client had already left."
The past perfect simple can be used to show how often something happened in the past.
For example:
I'd visited the city many times before.
It can also be used to express unfulfilled wishes or dreams. Sometimes called the Third Conditional.
For example:
"If I had won the lottery I would have bought a new car." Note: If I had done something I would have done something else.