UNIT III

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

( Bentuk sekarang sudah selesai )

A.    Penggunaan

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau atau telah terjadi dan masih ada hubungannya dengan sekarang.
2. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang telah selesai terjadi, pada waktu yang tidak tertentu (indefinite time) sebelum waktu sekarang.
3. Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau kejadian yang selesai pada waktu singkat ataupun baru saja terjadi.

B.     Keterangan waktu

1. For ….

-          For several minutes

-          For (an hour, two hours ….)

-          For (a day, two days ….)

-          For (a week, two weeks ….)

-          For (a year, 2 years ….)

2. Since

-          since 1 o’clock ….                        -    since last (week ….)

-          since … ago                                  -    since last (month, year)

-          since a week ago                           -    since (January ….)

-          since last (friday ….)

3. already                                                            11.   at last
4. yet (-)                                                  12.   before
5. never                                                   13.   several times
6. ever (?)                                                14.   once, twice, three times ….
7. recently
8. just
9. lately
10. finally

C.     Susunan kalimat

1. Positive (+)

(+) Subject + has/have + V III

Subject	has/have	Verb III	Object
I You We They	have	written bought cleaned played	a story a shirt the room tennis
He She It	has	gone given swum	to school a present very fast

2. Negative sentence (-)

(-) Subject + has/have + not + verb III

Subject	has/have	not	Verb III	Object
I You We They	have	not	written bought cleaned played	a story a shirt the room tennis
He She It	has		gone given swum	to school a present very fast

3. Interrogative (?)

(?) Have/Has + Subject + V III ?

Has/Have	Subject	Verb III	Object
Have	I You We They	written bought cleaned played	a story a shirt the room tennis
Has	He She It	gone given swum	to school a present very fast

Present Perfect Tense

I have sung

The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English.
In this lesson we look at the structure and use of the present perfect, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:

• Structure: how to make the present perfect tense
  
  
• Use: when and why to use the present perfect tense
  
  
• For and Since with the present perfect tense. What's the difference?
  
  

The present perfect tense is really a very interesting tense, and a very useful one. Try not to translate the present perfect tense into your language. Just try to accept the concepts of this tense and learn to "think" present perfect! You will soon learn to like the present perfect tense!

The present perfect simple tense is used to talk about a past time, which has very strong meaning for the present.

Present Perfect Simple Timeline

For example:
Q) Where's Jane?
A) She has gone out. She should be back in an hour.
We form the present perfect simple by using the auxilliary verb have/has and the -ed form of the regular verb (the past participle) irregular verb forms have to be learned:

Statements +	Statements -	Questions	Short answer +	Short answer -
I've worked.	I haven't worked.	Have I worked?	Yes, I have.	No, I haven't.
He's worked.	He hasn't worked.	Has he worked?	Yes, he has.	No, he hasn't.
She's worked.	She hasn't worked.	Has she worked?	Yes, she has.	No, she hasn't.
It's worked.	It hasn't worked.	Has it worked?	Yes, it has.	No, it hasn't.
You've worked.	You haven't worked.	Have you worked?	Yes you have.	No, you haven't.
We've worked.	We haven't worked.	Have we worked?	Yes we have.	No, we haven't.
They've worked.	They haven't worked.	Have they worked?	Yes they have.	No, they haven't.

The present perfect simple is used to discuss events that have just been completed at the moment of speaking.
For example:
Q) Have you done your homework?"
A) "Yes, I've just finished it."
It is often used to suggest that a past action still has an effect upon something happening in the present.
For example:
"The pound has fallen against the dollar."
It is also used to discuss unfinished time.
For example:
Q) Have you done your homework today?
A) No, I haven't done it yet.
Note - You are talking about today and today isn't finished, so you may do your homework later!
Q) Have you ever been to England?"
A) "Yes I have."
Note - You are talking about something that has happened in your life and your life isn't finished!
You can also use the present perfect to discuss something from the past but you don't want to say exactly when.
For example:
Q) "Are you learning any languages?"
A) "Yes, I've begun to learn English."
This tense is often used to discuss events that have been happening over a period of time, but aren't finished yet.
For example:
Q) "How long have you studied English for?"
A) "I've studied English for 2 years now."
However it is better (grammatically speaking) to use the Present Perfect Continuous to express yourself in this way.
For example:
Q) "How long have you been studying English for?" A) "I've been studying English for 2 years now."
!Note It is always for a length of time and since a point in time