UNIT IV
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
TENSE
(Bentuk sekarang selesai
sedang berlangsung)
A. Penggunaan
- Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang dimulai pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang, bahkan mungkin sampai waktu yang akan datang.
- Untuk menyatakan suatu peristiwa atau perbuatan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau secara berulang-ulang sampai sekarang.
B. Keterangan waktu
- for …
-
menyatakan lamanya atau jangka
waktu peristiwa (for + a duration time)
- since ….
-
menyatakan saat suatu perbuatan
terjadi/mulai (since + a particular time).
- long
- all the day
- the whole day
C. Susunan kalimat
- Positive (+)
(+) Subject + have/has + been + Ving + Object
Subject
|
has/have
|
been
|
Verb
III
|
Object
|
I
You
We
They
|
have
|
been
|
writing
buying
cleaning
playing
|
a
story
a
shirt
the
room
tennis
|
He
She
It
|
has
|
going
giving
swimming
|
to
school
a
present
very
fast
|
- Negative (-)
Subject
|
has/have
|
not
|
been
|
Verb
III
|
Object
|
I
You
We
They
|
have
|
not
|
been
|
writing
buying
cleaning
playing
|
a
story
a
shirt
the
room
tennis
|
He
She
It
|
has
|
going
giving
swimming
|
to
school
a
present
very
fast
|
- Interrogative (?)
(?) Have/Has + S + been + V ing + Object ?
Have/Has
|
Subject
|
been
|
Verb
III
|
Object
|
Have
|
I
You
We
They
|
been
|
writing
buying
cleaning
playing
|
a
story?
a
shirt?
the
room?
tennis?
|
Has
|
He
She
It
|
going
giving
swimming
|
to
school?
a
present?
very
fast
|
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
| I have been singing |
How do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?
The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:| subject | + | auxiliary verb | + | auxiliary verb | + | main verb |
| have has |
been | base + ing |
| subject | auxiliary verb | auxiliary verb | main verb | |||
| + | I | have | been | waiting | for one hour. | |
| + | You | have | been | talking | too much. | |
| - | It | has | not | been | raining. | |
| - | We | have | not | been | playing | football. |
| ? | Have | you | been | seeing | her? | |
| ? | Have | they | been | doing | their homework? |
Contractions
When we use the present perfect continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and the first auxiliary. We also sometimes do this in informal writing.| I have been | I've been |
| You have been | You've been |
| He has been She has been It has been John has been The car has been |
He's been She's been It's been John's been The car's been |
| We have been | We've been |
| They have been | They've been |
- I've been reading.
- The car's been giving trouble.
- We've been playing tennis for two hours.
How do we use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?
This tense is called the present perfect continuous tense. There is usually a connection with the present or now. There are basically two uses for the present perfect continuous tense:1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped
We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and stopped recently. There is usually a result now.| I'm tired because I've been running. | |||||
| past | present | future | |||
|
|||||
| Recent action. | Result now. | ||||
- I'm tired [now] because I've been running.
- Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining?
- You don't understand [now] because you haven't been listening.
2. An action continuing up to now
We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action that started in the past and is continuing now. This is often used with for or since.| I have been reading for 2 hours. | |||||
| past | present | future | |||
| Action started in past. | Action is continuing now. | ||||
- I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.]
- We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.]
- How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.]
- We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]
For and Since with Present Perfect Continuous Tense
We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.- We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
- We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
| for | since | ||
| a period of time | a point in past time | ||
|
|||
| 20 minutes | 6.15pm | ||
| three days | Monday | ||
| 6 months | January | ||
| 4 years | 1994 | ||
| 2 centuries | 1800 | ||
| a long time | I left school | ||
| ever | the beginning of time | ||
| etc | etc |
- I have been studying for 3 hours.
- I have been watching TV since 7pm.
- Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.
- Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.
- He has been playing football for a long time.
- He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.
For can be used with all tenses. Since is usually used with perfect tenses only.
The present perfect continuous tense is often used (with for or since) to describe how long something has been happening up to now.
Present Perfect Continuous Timeline
For example:-Q) How long have you been studying English?"
A) I've been studying English for four years."
Note - You can just say "For four years."
Q) How long have you been living in Germany?
A) I've been living here since 1998.
Note - You can just say "Since 1998".
The present perfect continuous is also used to refer to an event that may or may not be finished when it's effect can be seen now.
For example:-
Look! It's been snowing.
Note - It's not necessarily snowing now but you can see the effect (the snow on the ground).
You should also use the present perfect continuous when talking about how long you have been doing your current job or working on unfinished projects:-
For example:-
I have been working at BT for three years.
We have been exporting to China since 1999.
!Note It is always for a length of time and since a point in time
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